Project P180
Power strip
An extension lead rated 10 A: two heaters each well under it draw 13.0 A together, and a 240 V heater on a 120 V supply gives a quarter of its heat.
2 modules · 2 recorded sessionstext-menu UI in the terminalupdated 2026-10-19
Every screen below was recorded under CPython. When this page was built, the EML interpreter replayed each session from the same input and printed the same bytes.
About
An extension lead rated 10 A on a 230 V supply, the appliances that might share it, and a heater taken abroad.
main.eml- the menu, the lead, two heaters, a heater abroad, appliances of your own, and a heater of your ownpower.eml- the supply and the rating, the appliances, current in tenths of an amp, and a heater's power at another voltage
How each part works:
- Current is power over voltage, kept in tenths of an amp and rounded half-up from exact integers.
- As in the corpus case
each-heater-was-within-the-rating-and-together-they-were-not, each 1,500 W heater draws 6.5 A, well under the lead's 10 A, and the two together draw 13.0 A, 130% of the rating: the rating is for everything plugged in at once. The heat in the lead goes with the square of the current, 1.70 times what it was built to carry. - As in
half-the-voltage-was-a-quarter-of-the-heat, a 2,000 W heater built for 240 V is a fixed resistance of 28.8 ohms: on 120 V it draws half the current, 4.2 A instead of 8.3, and gives a quarter of the heat, 500 W. On more voltage than it was built for, the heat rises with the square.
What is checked: menu choices 1 to 6; 1 to 4 different appliances by number, separated by spaces; a heater of 100 to 3000 W and voltages of 100 to 250. An empty answer cancels.
Sessions: sessions/basic.in gives: - the lead, the two heaters and the heater abroad; - appliances of your own: a heater with a lamp and a laptop, a heater with the kettle, and four at once; - heaters of your own: 2000 W for 240 V on 120 V, 1000 W for 120 V on 230 V, and 1500 W on the voltage it was built for.
sessions/bad-input.in gives: - menu choices 0 and x; - appliances: a cancel, 7, 1 1, five numbers, x, 1,2 and 0, then 6 5; - heaters: a cancel, 99, 3001 and x; voltages: a cancel, 99, 251, then a cancel and x; - 100 W built for 250 V on 100 V.
Built on the verified corpus cases each-heater-was-within-the-rating-and-together-they-were-not (two 1500 W heaters on a 10 A extension lead) and half-the-voltage-was-a-quarter-of-the-heat (a 240 V heater on a 120 V supply).
Recorded sessions
What the screen shows while someone uses the program. Each typed line appears after its prompt, the way a terminal shows it.
bad-input
interpreter: byte-equal== Power strip ==
An extension lead, what shares it, and a heater taken abroad.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 0
Pick a number from 1 to 6.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> x
Pick a number from 1 to 6.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5>
Cancelled.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> 7
Type 1 to 4 different numbers from 1 to 6, separated by spaces.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> 1 1
Type 1 to 4 different numbers from 1 to 6, separated by spaces.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> 1 2 3 4 5
Type 1 to 4 different numbers from 1 to 6, separated by spaces.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> x
Type 1 to 4 different numbers from 1 to 6, separated by spaces.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> 1,2
Type 1 to 4 different numbers from 1 to 6, separated by spaces.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> 0
Type 1 to 4 different numbers from 1 to 6, separated by spaces.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> 6 5
television, laptop: 175 W, 0.8 A, 8% of the rating.
Within the rating.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)>
Cancelled.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 99
Type a whole number from 100 to 3000.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 3001
Type a whole number from 100 to 3000.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> x
Type a whole number from 100 to 3000.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 2000
volts it was built for (100 to 250)>
Cancelled.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 2000
volts it was built for (100 to 250)> 99
Type a whole number from 100 to 250.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 2000
volts it was built for (100 to 250)> 251
Type a whole number from 100 to 250.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 2000
volts it was built for (100 to 250)> 240
volts of the supply (100 to 250)>
Cancelled.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 2000
volts it was built for (100 to 250)> 240
volts of the supply (100 to 250)> x
Type a whole number from 100 to 250.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 100
volts it was built for (100 to 250)> 250
volts of the supply (100 to 250)> 100
A 100 W heater built for 250 V gives 16 W on 100 V.
Less voltage, and the heat falls with its square.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 6
Bye.
What was typed (48 lines)
0
x
4
4
7
4
1 1
4
1 2 3 4 5
4
x
4
1,2
4
0
4
6 5
5
5
99
5
3001
5
x
5
2000
5
2000
99
5
2000
251
5
2000
240
5
2000
240
x
5
100
250
100
6
basic
interpreter: byte-equal== Power strip ==
An extension lead, what shares it, and a heater taken abroad.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 1
An extension lead with 4 sockets, rated 10 A, on a 230 V supply: 2,300 W at most, for all its sockets together.
Appliances that might share it:
1 heater 1,500 W 6.5 A
2 second heater 1,500 W 6.5 A
3 kettle 2,200 W 9.6 A
4 lamp 60 W 0.3 A
5 laptop 65 W 0.3 A
6 television 110 W 0.5 A
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 2
Two heaters of 1,500 W: each draws 6.5 A, well under 10.
Together they draw 3,000 W, 13.0 A, on a lead rated 10 A: 130% of its rating. The rating is for the lead, not for each socket.
The heat in the lead and its plug goes with the square of the current: 1.70 times what it was built to carry.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 3
A 2,000 W heater built for 240 V is plugged into a 120 V supply with a plug adapter. Its element is a fixed resistance, 28.8 ohms.
At half the voltage it draws half the current, 8.3 A down to 4.2 A, and gives a quarter of the heat: 500 W, not 1,000.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> 1 4 5
heater, lamp, laptop: 1,625 W, 7.1 A, 71% of the rating.
Within the rating.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> 1 3
heater, kettle: 3,700 W, 16.1 A, 161% of the rating.
Over the rating: unplug something before the lead runs hot, at 2.59 times the heat it was built for.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 4
appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> 1 2 3 4
heater, second heater, kettle, lamp: 5,260 W, 22.9 A, 229% of the rating.
Over the rating: unplug something before the lead runs hot, at 5.23 times the heat it was built for.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 2000
volts it was built for (100 to 250)> 240
volts of the supply (100 to 250)> 120
A 2,000 W heater built for 240 V gives 500 W on 120 V.
Less voltage, and the heat falls with its square.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 1000
volts it was built for (100 to 250)> 120
volts of the supply (100 to 250)> 230
A 1,000 W heater built for 120 V gives 3,674 W on 230 V.
More than it was built for: the heat rises with the square of the voltage, past what the element is made to take.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 5
heater watts (100 to 3000)> 1500
volts it was built for (100 to 250)> 230
volts of the supply (100 to 250)> 230
A 1,500 W heater built for 230 V gives 1,500 W on 230 V.
The voltage it was built for.
1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit
choice> 6
Bye.
What was typed (22 lines)
1
2
3
4
1 4 5
4
1 3
4
1 2 3 4
5
2000
240
120
5
1000
120
230
5
1500
230
230
6
Modules
The program as written, entry module first. Each module transpiles to its own Python file, which is what eml project run executes.
main.eml(entry)
eml# P180 power strip: an extension lead and what shares it - the lead, two
# heaters, a heater taken abroad, appliances of your own, and a heater of
# your own.
import power
def plain(s):
0 => i
len(s) => j
while i < j and s[i] == " ":
i + 1 => i
while j > i and s[j - 1] == " ":
j - 1 => j
return s[i:j]
def pad(s, n):
s => out
while len(out) < n:
out + " " => out
return out
def lpad(s, n):
s => out
while len(out) < n:
" " + out => out
return out
def digits(t):
for c in t:
if c < "0" or c > "9":
return False
return len(t) > 0
def commas(n):
str(n) => s
"" => out
0 => k
len(s) => i
while i > 0:
if k == 3:
"," + out => out
0 => k
s[i - 1] + out => out
k + 1 => k
i - 1 => i
return out
def a1(t):
return str(int((t - t % 10) / 10)) + "." + str(t % 10) + " A"
def hundredths(h):
h % 100 => r
if r < 10:
return str(int((h - r) / 100)) + ".0" + str(r)
return str(int((h - r) / 100)) + "." + str(r)
def show_lead():
("An extension lead with " + str(power.sockets()) + " sockets, rated " + str(power.rating()) + " A, on a " + str(power.supply()) + " V supply: " + commas(power.rating() * power.supply()) + " W at most, for all its sockets together.") ^0
"Appliances that might share it:" ^0
0 => i
for a in power.appliances():
(" " + str(i + 1) + " " + pad(a[0], 14) + lpad(commas(a[1]) + " W", 8) + lpad(a1(power.amps_tenths(a[1], power.supply())), 8)) ^0
i + 1 => i
def load(ws):
# [watts, tenths of an amp, percent of the rating, heat in the lead as hundredths of what it was rated for]
0 => w
for x in ws:
w + x => w
power.half_up(w * 100, power.rating() * power.supply()) => pc
power.half_up(w * w * 100, power.supply() * power.supply() * power.rating() * power.rating()) => heat
return [w, power.amps_tenths(w, power.supply()), pc, heat]
def show_heaters():
power.appliances()[0][1] => w
load([w, w]) => l
("Two heaters of " + commas(w) + " W: each draws " + a1(power.amps_tenths(w, power.supply())) + ", well under " + str(power.rating()) + ".") ^0
("Together they draw " + commas(l[0]) + " W, " + a1(l[1]) + ", on a lead rated " + str(power.rating()) + " A: " + str(l[2]) + "% of its rating. The rating is for the lead, not for each socket.") ^0
("The heat in the lead and its plug goes with the square of the current: " + hundredths(l[3]) + " times what it was built to carry.") ^0
def show_abroad():
2000 => w
240 => rated
120 => volts
power.half_up(rated * rated * 10, w) => ohms
("A " + commas(w) + " W heater built for " + str(rated) + " V is plugged into a " + str(volts) + " V supply with a plug adapter. Its element is a fixed resistance, " + str(int((ohms - ohms % 10) / 10)) + "." + str(ohms % 10) + " ohms.") ^0
("At half the voltage it draws half the current, " + a1(power.amps_tenths(w, rated)) + " down to " + a1(power.amps_tenths(power.watts_at(w, rated, volts), volts)) + ", and gives a quarter of the heat: " + commas(power.watts_at(w, rated, volts)) + " W, not " + commas(int(w / 2)) + ".") ^0
def own_plug():
plain(input("appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> ")) => t
if t == "":
"Cancelled." ^0
return
[] => picked
"" => cur
True => ok
for c in t + " ":
if c == " ":
if cur != "":
if len(cur) != 1 or not digits(cur) or int(cur) < 1 or int(cur) > len(power.appliances()):
False => ok
else:
for p in picked:
if p == int(cur):
False => ok
picked + [int(cur)] => picked
"" => cur
else:
cur + c => cur
if not ok or len(picked) == 0 or len(picked) > power.sockets():
("Type 1 to " + str(power.sockets()) + " different numbers from 1 to " + str(len(power.appliances())) + ", separated by spaces.") ^0
return
[] => ws
"" => names
for p in picked:
power.appliances()[p - 1] => a
ws + [a[1]] => ws
if names != "":
names + ", " => names
names + a[0] => names
load(ws) => l
(names + ": " + commas(l[0]) + " W, " + a1(l[1]) + ", " + str(l[2]) + "% of the rating.") ^0
if l[0] > power.rating() * power.supply():
("Over the rating: unplug something before the lead runs hot, at " + hundredths(l[3]) + " times the heat it was built for.") ^0
else:
"Within the rating." ^0
def number(prompt, lo, hi):
plain(input(prompt + " (" + str(lo) + " to " + str(hi) + ")> ")) => t
if t == "":
"Cancelled." ^0
return 0 - 1
if len(t) > len(str(hi)) or not digits(t) or int(t) < lo or int(t) > hi:
("Type a whole number from " + str(lo) + " to " + str(hi) + ".") ^0
return 0 - 1
return int(t)
def own_heater():
number("heater watts", 100, 3000) => w
if w < 0:
return
number("volts it was built for", 100, 250) => rated
if rated < 0:
return
number("volts of the supply", 100, 250) => volts
if volts < 0:
return
power.watts_at(w, rated, volts) => p
("A " + commas(w) + " W heater built for " + str(rated) + " V gives " + commas(p) + " W on " + str(volts) + " V.") ^0
if volts < rated:
"Less voltage, and the heat falls with its square." ^0
elif volts > rated:
"More than it was built for: the heat rises with the square of the voltage, past what the element is made to take." ^0
else:
"The voltage it was built for." ^0
"== Power strip ==" ^0
"An extension lead, what shares it, and a heater taken abroad." ^0
True => running
while running:
"" ^0
"1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit" ^0
plain(input("choice> ")) => choice
if choice == "1":
show_lead()
elif choice == "2":
show_heaters()
elif choice == "3":
show_abroad()
elif choice == "4":
own_plug()
elif choice == "5":
own_heater()
elif choice == "6":
False => running
else:
"Pick a number from 1 to 6." ^0
"Bye." ^0
Python projection (main.py)
import power
def plain(s):
i = 0
j = len(s)
while i < j and s[i] == " ":
i = i + 1
while j > i and s[j - 1] == " ":
j = j - 1
return s[i:j]
def pad(s, n):
out = s
while len(out) < n:
out = out + " "
return out
def lpad(s, n):
out = s
while len(out) < n:
out = " " + out
return out
def digits(t):
for c in t:
if c < "0" or c > "9":
return False
return len(t) > 0
def commas(n):
s = str(n)
out = ""
k = 0
i = len(s)
while i > 0:
if k == 3:
out = "," + out
k = 0
out = s[i - 1] + out
k = k + 1
i = i - 1
return out
def a1(t):
return str(int((t - t % 10) / 10)) + "." + str(t % 10) + " A"
def hundredths(h):
r = h % 100
if r < 10:
return str(int((h - r) / 100)) + ".0" + str(r)
return str(int((h - r) / 100)) + "." + str(r)
def show_lead():
print("An extension lead with " + str(power.sockets()) + " sockets, rated " + str(power.rating()) + " A, on a " + str(power.supply()) + " V supply: " + commas(power.rating() * power.supply()) + " W at most, for all its sockets together.")
print("Appliances that might share it:")
i = 0
for a in power.appliances():
print(" " + str(i + 1) + " " + pad(a[0], 14) + lpad(commas(a[1]) + " W", 8) + lpad(a1(power.amps_tenths(a[1], power.supply())), 8))
i = i + 1
def load(ws):
w = 0
for x in ws:
w = w + x
pc = power.half_up(w * 100, power.rating() * power.supply())
heat = power.half_up(w * w * 100, power.supply() * power.supply() * power.rating() * power.rating())
return [w, power.amps_tenths(w, power.supply()), pc, heat]
def show_heaters():
w = power.appliances()[0][1]
l = load([w, w])
print("Two heaters of " + commas(w) + " W: each draws " + a1(power.amps_tenths(w, power.supply())) + ", well under " + str(power.rating()) + ".")
print("Together they draw " + commas(l[0]) + " W, " + a1(l[1]) + ", on a lead rated " + str(power.rating()) + " A: " + str(l[2]) + "% of its rating. The rating is for the lead, not for each socket.")
print("The heat in the lead and its plug goes with the square of the current: " + hundredths(l[3]) + " times what it was built to carry.")
def show_abroad():
w = 2000
rated = 240
volts = 120
ohms = power.half_up(rated * rated * 10, w)
print("A " + commas(w) + " W heater built for " + str(rated) + " V is plugged into a " + str(volts) + " V supply with a plug adapter. Its element is a fixed resistance, " + str(int((ohms - ohms % 10) / 10)) + "." + str(ohms % 10) + " ohms.")
print("At half the voltage it draws half the current, " + a1(power.amps_tenths(w, rated)) + " down to " + a1(power.amps_tenths(power.watts_at(w, rated, volts), volts)) + ", and gives a quarter of the heat: " + commas(power.watts_at(w, rated, volts)) + " W, not " + commas(int(w / 2)) + ".")
def own_plug():
t = plain(input("appliances by number, e.g. 1 4 5> "))
if t == "":
print("Cancelled.")
return
picked = []
cur = ""
ok = True
for c in t + " ":
if c == " ":
if cur != "":
if len(cur) != 1 or not digits(cur) or int(cur) < 1 or int(cur) > len(power.appliances()):
ok = False
else:
for p in picked:
if p == int(cur):
ok = False
picked = picked + [int(cur)]
cur = ""
else:
cur = cur + c
if not ok or len(picked) == 0 or len(picked) > power.sockets():
print("Type 1 to " + str(power.sockets()) + " different numbers from 1 to " + str(len(power.appliances())) + ", separated by spaces.")
return
ws = []
names = ""
for p in picked:
a = power.appliances()[p - 1]
ws = ws + [a[1]]
if names != "":
names = names + ", "
names = names + a[0]
l = load(ws)
print(names + ": " + commas(l[0]) + " W, " + a1(l[1]) + ", " + str(l[2]) + "% of the rating.")
if l[0] > power.rating() * power.supply():
print("Over the rating: unplug something before the lead runs hot, at " + hundredths(l[3]) + " times the heat it was built for.")
else:
print("Within the rating.")
def number(prompt, lo, hi):
t = plain(input(prompt + " (" + str(lo) + " to " + str(hi) + ")> "))
if t == "":
print("Cancelled.")
return 0 - 1
if len(t) > len(str(hi)) or not digits(t) or int(t) < lo or int(t) > hi:
print("Type a whole number from " + str(lo) + " to " + str(hi) + ".")
return 0 - 1
return int(t)
def own_heater():
w = number("heater watts", 100, 3000)
if w < 0:
return
rated = number("volts it was built for", 100, 250)
if rated < 0:
return
volts = number("volts of the supply", 100, 250)
if volts < 0:
return
p = power.watts_at(w, rated, volts)
print("A " + commas(w) + " W heater built for " + str(rated) + " V gives " + commas(p) + " W on " + str(volts) + " V.")
if volts < rated:
print("Less voltage, and the heat falls with its square.")
elif volts > rated:
print("More than it was built for: the heat rises with the square of the voltage, past what the element is made to take.")
else:
print("The voltage it was built for.")
print("== Power strip ==")
print("An extension lead, what shares it, and a heater taken abroad.")
running = True
while running:
print("")
print("1) the lead 2) two heaters 3) a heater abroad 4) plug in your own 5) a heater of your own 6) quit")
choice = plain(input("choice> "))
if choice == "1":
show_lead()
elif choice == "2":
show_heaters()
elif choice == "3":
show_abroad()
elif choice == "4":
own_plug()
elif choice == "5":
own_heater()
elif choice == "6":
running = False
else:
print("Pick a number from 1 to 6.")
print("Bye.")
power.eml
eml# P180 power strip - an extension lead rated 10 A on a 230 V supply, the
# appliances that might share it, and a heater taken abroad. As in the
# corpus case each-heater-was-within-the-rating-and-together-they-were-not,
# the lead's rating is for everything plugged into it at once: currents
# add. And as in half-the-voltage-was-a-quarter-of-the-heat, a heater is a
# fixed resistance, so its power goes with the square of the voltage. Currents
# are kept in tenths of an amp, rounded half-up.
def supply():
return 230
def rating():
# amps the lead is rated for, all sockets together
return 10
def sockets():
return 4
def appliances():
# [name, watts on the 230 V supply]
return [["heater", 1500], ["second heater", 1500], ["kettle", 2200], ["lamp", 60], ["laptop", 65], ["television", 110]]
def half_up(num, den):
num * 2 + den => y
return int((y - y % (2 * den)) / (2 * den))
def amps_tenths(watts, volts):
return half_up(watts * 10, volts)
def watts_at(watts, rated, volts):
# what a heater of `watts` at `rated` volts gives at `volts`
return half_up(watts * volts * volts, rated * rated)
Python projection (power.py)
def supply():
return 230
def rating():
return 10
def sockets():
return 4
def appliances():
return [["heater", 1500], ["second heater", 1500], ["kettle", 2200], ["lamp", 60], ["laptop", 65], ["television", 110]]
def half_up(num, den):
y = num * 2 + den
return int((y - y % (2 * den)) / (2 * den))
def amps_tenths(watts, volts):
return half_up(watts * 10, volts)
def watts_at(watts, rated, volts):
return half_up(watts * volts * volts, rated * rated)